Blockchain in building logistics: Emerging knowledge, and related actors in Sweden

Large building projects involve complex logistics for supplying the site with materials and sub systems. Often this flow encompasses hundreds of trucks and vans handling incoming and outcoming goods and requires precise timing and handling of space. Small logistics expert firms are emerging with a business model of servicing the building client, contractors and suppliers with a coordinated smooth flow on-site through a collaboration between the parties across the supply chain. These expert SMEs are to some extent operating digital business models, but these could be enhanced by shaping the potential of block chain and Internet of things to expand and enrich their service offerings. Blockchain technologies enable an integration of the physical and economic flow of building materials by using distributed ledgers and smart contracts. This paper aims at reviewing the emerging knowledge on blockchain in construction and to identify different constellations of companies and flow in digital building logistics. Theoretically the paper draws on a sociotechnical approach which views development of digitalization as an intertwined social and technical process. Sociotechnical teories highlight the way technology is coshaped with practices. Methodologically the paper builds on a literature reviews and interviews and dialogues with actors active in building logistics issues in the building sector in Sweden. At least three constellations of digital building logistics with blockchain is identified. First large contractors integrate building logistics competences internally to overcome transaction challenges and to maintain power over business critical processes of supply of building material. Second mainly clients employ small independent consultants, whose digital business model can then be enlarged with blockchain. The small logistics players can appear as independent convenors of different interests in the building logistics and block chain set up. Third other thirdparty players such as construction equipment suppliers, or industrialised housing suppliers offer digital building logistics.