A model of systemic BIM adoption

Systemic innovations require multiple interdependent actors to change their practices simultaneously to realise the benefits of the innovation. Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been classified as a systemic innovation that is adopted by projects, firms, and users. However, the slow diffusion of BIM in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector has maintained the gap between BIM visions and actual BIM practice. Whilst some adoption surveys indicate that BIM is business as usual, anecdotal evidence suggests that the spread of BIM across supply chains is still limited. Notably, BIM is hardly used at the same level by all users and firms in a temporary project coalition. This uneven distribution of firm capabilities and user adoption hinders the desired outcome at the supply-chain level. This study investigates the systemic adoption of digital innovations and is aimed at formulating a model of systemic BIM adoption. To achieve this, relevant theories and influential factors were selected to formulate a conceptual model. A mixed-methods approach was selected to develop and validate the model. Data were collected and analysed using quantitative and qualitative evidence from BIM-enabled projects. This study extends the body of knowledge by presenting a multi-level model of systemic BIM adoption that holistically combines factors at the user, firm, project, and industry levels. The cross-level relationships provide novel insights into our understanding of systemic BIM adoption. The model is effective in providing a useful framework for policymakers to implement policies to accelerate wider adoption within supply chains. The model is particularly needed in a context where governments are planning to mandate BIM in construction. Further, systemic BIM adoption is the gateway for the digital construction industry. Therefore, the model would also provide a practical implementation framework as the industry progresses towards a digital mode of working and could underpin further digitalisation of the sector worldwide.