Safety culture and climate in the construction industry: a multi-phase mixed methods investigation

The construction industry is associated with high fatality rates, and disproportionately high levels of injury and ill health. Safety culture and climate have been researched within the construction industry for over 20 years and are seen as potential factors that can be leveraged to reduce poor health and safety outcomes. However, safety culture and climate are typically investigated as a single construct, 'organisational safety climate'. This is problematic as the construction industry is complex and dynamic, with multiple organisations coming together temporarily to work on projects. Under these circumstances, how can an 'organisational'climate form? This research seeks to examine how safety culture and climate manifest within this context; specifically, investigating whether there are multiple levels of safety culture and climate, their relationships to each other, and impact on behaviour and accident levels. A mixed method, multi-phase design was used, incorporating interviews and questionnaires. This enables exploratory and explanatory research, and a rich understanding of the phenomena. Interviews were conducted with 18 'industry experts', who came from a representative range of construction backgrounds. Questionnaires with scales addressing various levels of safety climate were distributed within three organisations (n = 979, 215 and 417). Multiple levels of safety culture and climate are apparent within organisations and there is a relationship between them. However, the climates which are manifest, and their relationship to each other, are influenced by organisational characteristics. Safety culture and climate were found to influence both safety behaviour and accident levels. Thus, these findings have implications for the management of safety in the construction industry, as influencing safety culture and climate effectively may be more complex in this context. Accordingly, the findings indicate that measurement and intervention are likely to be improved by addressing the different levels in this multifaceted phenomenon.