Multifaceted productivity comparison of off-site timber manufacturing strategies in mainland Europe and the United Kingdom

Off-site construction methods have been suggested as a necessity for improving the efficiency and productivity of the construction industry through implementation of automation and lean principles in a controlled factory environment, known as modern methods of construction (MMC). The products and the project delivery and management strategies of off-site construction were studied through a multifaceted qualitative exploration of the off-site timber management strategies of 10 manufacturers, including three UK panel, three UK volumetric, and four European (EU) volumetric timber manufacturers. A comparative productivity analysis was carried out and its sensitivities were analyzed, which led to the conclusion that the labor productivity of the surveyed UK panelized and EU volumetric manufacturers was comparable, but the UK volumetric manufacturers' productivity was lower. As a result, the level of automation and the lean and Design for risassembly (DfD) applications of the manufacturers were all explored to understand these productivity differences within the context of current market trends.